Colles’ fractures, named after Abraham Colles who first described in 1814 the common fracture of the last inch of the radius and ulna near the wrist, is a very common consequence of a fall on the outstretched hand (FOOSH). Typical treatment is immobilisation in a plaster of Paris or similar material for five to six weeks to allow bony union, followed by a rehabilitation period of a month or more, a short period of which might involve a wrist brace for comfort during activity. Due to the functional importance of the hand, the period of immobilisation is kept to a minimum to prevent dysfunction of the hand and wrist.

Once the Plaster of Paris has been removed the physiotherapist will examine the wrist for appropriate healing by firmly palpating the area over the fracture, which should not show much more than mild tenderness. The hand should look a natural colour, have no tightness or swelling in the fingers and muscle wasting should not be severe. Movements of the wrist will be restricted in a few planes but should not be affected in all planes of motion, neither should there be severe pain on movement nor pain on all movements. If many problems are present the physiotherapist will take urgent steps to rehabilitate the patient.

Initial treatment is to instruct the patient in range of motion exercises to be performed every two hours. For many fractures this is all that is required as the movements are easily restored with a few days’ exercises, concentrating on the end ranges of movement. The shoulder and elbow are checked to make sure they are not limited as they may have been injured in the initial incident or kept very still by the patient whilst in plaster. The pronation and supination movements of forearm rotation are functionally very important, and the physiotherapist checks wrist extension and flexion and finger and thumb movements.

Patients often report that the wrist feels at risk after the plaster has been removed and this may be due to the early removal of the plaster to prevent functional loss from immobilisation. A futura brace, a fabric support stiffened with a metal piece under the wrist, is applied with Velcro straps to give support during normal activities of daily living. The brace should be taken off during rests or light activity and for regular performance of the exercises. Too much further immobilisation at this stage could be harmful so patients should understand the limited use of the splint for comfort during activity.

If the ranges of motion do not improve as they should then the physiotherapist will consider using joint mobilisations to ease the movements. Accessory movements can be performed to the inferior radio-ulnar joint to help pronation and supination, and to the radiocarpal (wrist) and midcarpal joints, with the physiotherapist fixing one side of the joint as he or she moves the other side of the joint passively. This can be done gently or more vigorously at the end of range to push against the restrictions within the joint. Mobilisations can also be performed with the joint at the end of its available movement to give it the sliding and gliding movements it requires.

Returning steadily to normal use of the wrist and hand is the easiest and often the most successful way to regain forearm strength. In some cases more must be done to return the hand to normal if it is very weak or the person needs to return to a heavy manual job or has particular upper limb strength requirements for a sport or hobby. Instruction in practicing all the different hand movements against resistance can be accomplished in a hand class, where patients can use equipment designed to strengthen particular movements such as gripping, pulling, twisting, turning and to improve fine hand function.

If the hand is very painful, swollen and restricted in motion then treatment may be urgently directed to preventing a pain syndrome developing, once the fracture has been reviewed by a doctor to make sure healing has progressed as it should. Hot and cold contrast bathing for the hand can be useful for the pain and swelling, with massage and sensory work to reduce the hypersensitivity which can be troublesome. Patients need to be very clear that they need to work hard through the pain in these cases to regain a normal hand.

Sciatica results from a structure impinging on a lumbar nerve root, causing compression and/or inflammation enough to cause neurological changes in the skin, reflexes and muscles served by the affected nerve. Not a common syndrome, it is estimated that 3-5% of the population suffer this kind of problem at some time. It affects men and women equally with men most susceptible in their forties and women in their fifties. Up to a quarter have symptoms which last more than six weeks and referral to physiotherapists for acute management is routine.

When the intervertebral disc material prolapses it causes injury by two mechanisms: direct mechanical compression of the nerve and chemical irritation. The disc material should not be outside the disc and its toxic chemicals help swelling both of the nerve and its surrounding structures, resulting in blockage of the circulation and of the nerve’s normal message conduction. While the prolapse is responsible for the sciatica it has not been shown that the bigger the prolapse the more severe the person’s pain.

The lumbar discs are more likely to have prolapses due to the high levels of force they have to endure. When we lift things away from the body, bend over at the waist or perform standing activities the back has to cope with the leverage involved. When stresses are loaded onto the discs the hydraulic mechanism magnifies the forces on the outer walls by three to five times that which the skeleton has to cope with. With time these stresses cause failure of the outer disc material and allow prolapses to occur.

Patients report that the onset of sciatica is rapid and accompanied by back pain, although pre-existing back pain may ease when the leg pain starts. Worse with coughing, sneezing and sitting down, the pain is better standing up or lying flat. Typical pain distribution is through the buttock then down the back of the leg to the ankle and foot or down the side instead. Sciatica does occur in disc levels L1 to L3 but only in for five percent of cases, the pain being in the front of the thigh and not in the lower leg. Some patients present with individual areas of pain rather than the whole picture.

The physiotherapist will take the patient’s history with particular attention to “red flags” which are indicators of a serious medical reason for the back pain and the patient will not be appropriate for physio. Weight loss, fever, night sweats, age (under 20 or over 55), problems with bladder and bowel control, serious past medical history and night pain will be noted. Any uncertainty means referral to a doctor for investigation. The physio will note any postural abnormalities and the nature, position and activity response of the pain symptoms.

The physiotherapist begins with postural observation of the patient which can show an inability to stand up or a thoracic shift to one side. Spinal movements are performed and the pattern of movement limitation noted, with a full neurological examination of the lower limbs. The physio is looking for deficits in muscle power, reflexes or feeling which are related to the specific nerve root involved. The straight leg raise may be performed to check the stretch reaction of the spinal nerve.

The McKenzie technique works on pain centralisation, the tendency for pain to move towards the back from the legs, suggesting a disc problem, and many physios use this technique. Pain in the front of the thigh and over the knee can be referred from the hip joint, so the physiotherapist will assess the lower limb joints to check the diagnosis. A thorough examination informs the physiotherapist of the likely diagnosis and how they might treat the syndrome, or that the patient needs to be referred to a medical practitioner for a consultation and investigation.

Physiotherapists use a variety of therapies to treat sciatica, with McKenzie technique being a mainstream technique for discogenic pains. Mobilisation and manipulation techniques, core stability work, myofascial release, specific exercises, manual techniques, soft tissue work and massage, analgesia, patient education, rest, the best position to relieve extreme sciatica pain and advice are all used as treatments. Most sufferers settle without investigation or surgery and a long term exercise programme is useful once the problem has settled.